1
00:00:06,840 --> 00:00:08,840
1939.
2
00:00:09,000 --> 00:00:11,000
War with Germany is looming,
3
00:00:11,160 --> 00:00:14,840
and the British know they will need
every advantage to stop the Nazis.
4
00:00:15,680 --> 00:00:17,760
They create one in a small group
5
00:00:17,920 --> 00:00:20,680
of brilliant mathematicians
and scholars
6
00:00:20,840 --> 00:00:22,360
assigned to work secretly
7
00:00:22,520 --> 00:00:25,760
in a quiet country home
called Bletchley Park.
8
00:00:26,600 --> 00:00:28,200
With the help
of a discovery first made
9
00:00:28,360 --> 00:00:30,920
by Polish intelligence officers,
10
00:00:31,080 --> 00:00:34,640
this team will work
to break the key to the Enigma code,
11
00:00:34,800 --> 00:00:38,560
the encryption used for
German military communications.
12
00:00:39,440 --> 00:00:43,000
This crucial step is
the first of many
13
00:00:43,160 --> 00:00:46,360
in the intelligence war waged
by the Allies.
14
00:00:48,600 --> 00:00:50,640
All wars change the world.
15
00:00:50,800 --> 00:00:54,120
But none of them change the world
like the Second World War did.
16
00:00:54,280 --> 00:00:56,080
Japan's on the march.
17
00:00:56,240 --> 00:00:57,640
Germany's on the march.
18
00:00:58,720 --> 00:01:01,880
No one can imagine the nightmare
they're about to unleash.
19
00:01:02,880 --> 00:01:04,760
The most destructive war
in human history.
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00:01:04,920 --> 00:01:08,320
Suddenly, the world is
turned upside down.
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00:01:08,480 --> 00:01:10,000
And all hell is let loose.
22
00:01:11,560 --> 00:01:15,880
The west is stunned
by the speed of the advance.
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00:01:16,720 --> 00:01:19,520
You get the Allies led
by the big three:
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00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:22,160
Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin.
25
00:01:22,320 --> 00:01:26,880
Men who are dealing with
immensely complicated questions.
26
00:01:27,040 --> 00:01:31,120
It's the biggest military
operation of human history.
27
00:01:31,280 --> 00:01:33,560
The Allies have to come together -
28
00:01:33,720 --> 00:01:36,000
not just militarily
but industrial scale.
29
00:01:36,160 --> 00:01:37,720
It's a global perspective.
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00:01:37,880 --> 00:01:39,960
They have to fight
in every climate -
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00:01:40,120 --> 00:01:43,640
from the Arctic,
to the jungles of the Pacific
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00:01:43,800 --> 00:01:46,720
to the deserts of Africa
and the depths of the ocean.
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00:01:49,560 --> 00:01:52,480
But there was
no certainty of victory.
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00:01:52,640 --> 00:01:55,400
It was going to be
a horrific bloodbath.
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00:01:55,560 --> 00:01:58,040
We see humans
at their absolute worst,
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00:01:58,200 --> 00:02:00,280
how they treat other human beings.
37
00:02:00,440 --> 00:02:02,520
And we see them
at their absolute best,
38
00:02:02,680 --> 00:02:04,480
willing to give their lives
that others might live.
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00:02:04,640 --> 00:02:06,560
World War Two was a struggle
40
00:02:06,720 --> 00:02:08,520
in which there could be
one victor...
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00:02:10,120 --> 00:02:12,040
...and one vanquished.
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00:02:39,120 --> 00:02:41,360
{\an8}In the summer of 1940,
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00:02:41,520 --> 00:02:44,720
{\an8}Great Britain is threatened
by Nazi Germany.
44
00:02:46,240 --> 00:02:48,720
{\an8}Adolf Hitler's armies have torn
through Poland,
45
00:02:48,880 --> 00:02:51,960
{\an8}Scandinavia, and Western Europe.
46
00:02:54,360 --> 00:02:56,360
{\an8}Even France has fallen.
47
00:03:00,320 --> 00:03:04,600
{\an8}Prime Minister Winston Churchill
fears Britain will be next.
48
00:03:05,800 --> 00:03:07,720
The first few weeks
of Winston Churchill's
49
00:03:07,880 --> 00:03:09,720
{\an8}prime ministership are
probably the worst
50
00:03:09,880 --> 00:03:13,200
{\an8}and most disastrous weeks
in the history of Britain.
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00:03:13,360 --> 00:03:17,440
The most catastrophic defeat
on the continent of Europe.
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00:03:19,200 --> 00:03:20,680
Outclassed by the German Wehrmacht
53
00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:22,600
and the Luftwaffe
in the skies above.
54
00:03:24,480 --> 00:03:27,160
Britain is facing defeat
and starvation.
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00:03:31,160 --> 00:03:35,000
By 1940, the British position
looks practically hopeless.
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00:03:35,160 --> 00:03:36,760
They've met the Wehrmacht
a couple of times,
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00:03:36,920 --> 00:03:39,600
{\an8}and on both occasions -
Norway and Dunkirk -
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00:03:39,760 --> 00:03:41,120
{\an8}they wound up running away,
59
00:03:41,280 --> 00:03:43,400
{\an8}evacuating from
the continent under fire.
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00:03:46,600 --> 00:03:47,800
I think, when you face
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00:03:47,960 --> 00:03:49,920
the enormity of the challenge
Britain faced in 1940...
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00:03:50,080 --> 00:03:53,000
if you're up against
a stronger army,
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00:03:53,160 --> 00:03:55,240
you've got to find other ways
to get round them.
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00:03:56,360 --> 00:03:59,080
The British have been working
to crack enemy military codes
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00:03:59,240 --> 00:04:03,000
since the outbreak
of World War One in 1914.
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00:04:03,880 --> 00:04:06,640
Alastair Denniston leads
the British Government's
67
00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:08,200
Code and Cipher School,
68
00:04:08,360 --> 00:04:10,680
located at Bletchley Park,
69
00:04:10,840 --> 00:04:13,600
an old manor house
in the English countryside.
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00:04:14,560 --> 00:04:16,640
He served as an intelligence officer
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00:04:16,800 --> 00:04:18,960
in the Royal Navy
in World War One,
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00:04:19,120 --> 00:04:22,600
and has spent
his entire career in cryptology.
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00:04:25,400 --> 00:04:28,040
Denniston predicted
that accurate cryptanalysis
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00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:30,080
of the Wehrmacht's codes would be
75
00:04:30,240 --> 00:04:32,760
an important weapon
in any war with Germany.
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00:04:35,520 --> 00:04:38,160
We talk about
the German way of war.
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00:04:38,320 --> 00:04:41,040
Sometimes, we say "Blitzkrieg"
or "lightning war."
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00:04:41,200 --> 00:04:43,400
It's about tanks.
It's about aircraft.
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00:04:43,560 --> 00:04:46,760
It's about mobile infantry,
and, of course, artillery...
80
00:04:50,400 --> 00:04:53,840
...all working together
in the greatest possible harmony.
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00:04:58,680 --> 00:05:00,400
They need to be able
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00:05:00,560 --> 00:05:02,280
to communicate
with each other in real time.
83
00:05:02,440 --> 00:05:04,960
Vast technical improvements in radio
84
00:05:05,120 --> 00:05:07,560
in the '20s and '30s
make this possible.
85
00:05:07,720 --> 00:05:10,400
The radio is as important
to the Blitzkrieg
86
00:05:10,560 --> 00:05:12,720
as the tank
or the Stuka dive bomber.
87
00:05:13,800 --> 00:05:15,960
It is Alastair Denniston
who realises
88
00:05:16,120 --> 00:05:19,920
that this German reliance
on technical means of communication
89
00:05:20,080 --> 00:05:21,640
is also a real Achilles heel.
90
00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:25,320
If someone can step
into that communications loop,
91
00:05:25,480 --> 00:05:28,320
they can intercept
German reconnaissance reports,
92
00:05:28,480 --> 00:05:29,560
German orders.
93
00:05:29,720 --> 00:05:32,600
They can intercept, in a sense,
German intentions.
94
00:05:33,600 --> 00:05:37,200
Denniston understands
that signals intelligence...
95
00:05:37,360 --> 00:05:39,200
is essential to combat Germany's
96
00:05:39,360 --> 00:05:41,800
new mechanised tactics.
97
00:05:41,960 --> 00:05:43,840
If you don't have vast
numbers of tanks
98
00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:47,640
and you don't have the luxury
of overwhelming military force,
99
00:05:47,800 --> 00:05:50,440
you need to find a way to win a war.
100
00:05:50,600 --> 00:05:54,200
And that can involve using
a bit of this: intelligence.
101
00:05:55,280 --> 00:05:58,240
{\an8}It provides
an incredible force multiplier,
102
00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:00,160
{\an8}particularly
when you're outnumbered.
103
00:06:00,320 --> 00:06:04,640
It may give you that chance that
you never thought you had before.
104
00:06:06,360 --> 00:06:10,280
But cracking the German
ciphers is seemingly impossible.
105
00:06:11,520 --> 00:06:14,600
They're created
by a complex device.
106
00:06:17,800 --> 00:06:19,480
The Enigma machine.
107
00:06:21,480 --> 00:06:24,160
The Enigma machine
itself looks like
108
00:06:24,320 --> 00:06:26,240
a cross between a cash register
and a typewriter.
109
00:06:26,400 --> 00:06:29,360
And it's an electromagnetic machine
110
00:06:29,520 --> 00:06:33,200
{\an8}that scrambles plain text
into a code.
111
00:06:35,840 --> 00:06:37,880
You would press the key...
112
00:06:38,040 --> 00:06:40,280
{\an8}...and that instigates
an electric pulse
113
00:06:40,440 --> 00:06:42,520
{\an8}that would run
through a set of rotors.
114
00:06:43,720 --> 00:06:47,080
As they turn, it produces
what we call ciphertext.
115
00:06:50,520 --> 00:06:52,760
If you press the D...
116
00:06:52,920 --> 00:06:55,400
...it would come out as a T.
117
00:06:55,560 --> 00:06:57,760
If you press the D again...
118
00:06:57,920 --> 00:06:59,320
...it would not come out
as a T again.
119
00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:01,280
It would come out as a Z...
120
00:07:02,680 --> 00:07:04,040
...or some other random letter.
121
00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:06,600
The word "Hitler,"
for example,
122
00:07:06,760 --> 00:07:08,680
if used in a message,
is scrambled.
123
00:07:11,640 --> 00:07:14,360
This version is sent
using Morse code
124
00:07:14,520 --> 00:07:18,040
to the operator of another Enigma
Machine with the same settings.
125
00:07:19,320 --> 00:07:21,400
When the encoded word is typed in,
126
00:07:21,560 --> 00:07:24,720
it's possible to decipher
the original message.
127
00:07:26,640 --> 00:07:29,360
It was a unique machine. Germany
was leading the world in this.
128
00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:33,800
It turns
every German frontline position
129
00:07:33,960 --> 00:07:36,280
in World War Two
into a veritable data
130
00:07:36,440 --> 00:07:38,400
and information processing centre.
131
00:07:39,240 --> 00:07:41,440
And to make
the entire process secure,
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00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:43,160
there is the Enigma machine.
133
00:07:44,120 --> 00:07:46,000
The Germans believe
their signals are secure
134
00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:50,080
because of the complexity hardwired
into the Enigma machine.
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00:07:52,600 --> 00:07:54,880
The great thing
about the Enigma machine is
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00:07:55,040 --> 00:07:58,760
{\an8}the vast number of ways
that it can be set up every day.
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00:07:58,920 --> 00:08:00,440
If I've got three rotors,
138
00:08:00,600 --> 00:08:03,480
Each rotor can have
one of 26 positions.
139
00:08:03,640 --> 00:08:06,440
So that's 26 times 26 times 26,
140
00:08:06,600 --> 00:08:10,360
which is 17,500 different ways
of setting that up.
141
00:08:10,520 --> 00:08:12,880
That sounds like a big number,
but it's not.
142
00:08:13,040 --> 00:08:16,360
Here is where it gets fun because,
on the front of the machine,
143
00:08:16,520 --> 00:08:20,120
the Germans have installed
an extra device,
144
00:08:20,280 --> 00:08:22,120
which is called "The Plug Board."
145
00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:23,480
If you had ten cables,
146
00:08:23,640 --> 00:08:28,360
it's 150 million-million
different ways
147
00:08:28,520 --> 00:08:30,000
to set up the plug board.
148
00:08:30,160 --> 00:08:33,400
So if you multiply all these
different options together...
149
00:08:34,800 --> 00:08:37,680
...you end up
with 156 million-million-million
150
00:08:37,840 --> 00:08:40,000
different ways of setting it up,
which is more, I think,
151
00:08:40,160 --> 00:08:41,920
than there have been seconds
in the universe.
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00:08:42,080 --> 00:08:43,720
The Germans figured -
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00:08:43,880 --> 00:08:46,840
and I think justifiably -
that it was unbreakable.
154
00:08:48,520 --> 00:08:49,760
But Denniston believes
155
00:08:49,920 --> 00:08:52,480
it's possible to crack
the Enigma codes.
156
00:08:55,400 --> 00:08:58,120
He spends years recruiting
mathematicians,
157
00:08:58,280 --> 00:09:01,480
linguists, and scholars
from Britain's top universities.
158
00:09:02,800 --> 00:09:06,000
He reached out
to the academic communities -
159
00:09:06,160 --> 00:09:08,600
to Cambridge and Oxford -
and he'd go to dinner with them.
160
00:09:09,640 --> 00:09:12,000
And he was kind of sussing out,
you know, who's good at this,
161
00:09:12,160 --> 00:09:16,080
who might be useful, looking
especially at mathematicians.
162
00:09:16,920 --> 00:09:18,400
It was a professional challenge.
163
00:09:18,560 --> 00:09:20,680
You're a mathematician.
You've got a problem.
164
00:09:20,840 --> 00:09:22,440
You want to solve that problem.
165
00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:26,080
And here's the added benefit that
you're doing it for your country,
166
00:09:26,240 --> 00:09:27,800
and for your family,
so that they don't have
167
00:09:27,960 --> 00:09:29,360
to grow up speaking German.
168
00:09:31,080 --> 00:09:33,400
A key recruit
to Bletchley Park is
169
00:09:33,560 --> 00:09:36,160
a young academic
from the University of Cambridge.
170
00:09:36,320 --> 00:09:39,880
An eccentric genius named
Alan Turing.
171
00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:43,720
Let me tell you
a bit about my uncle, Alan Turing.
172
00:09:44,640 --> 00:09:47,160
He has always been interested
173
00:09:47,320 --> 00:09:50,200
in everything to do
with science and maths.
174
00:09:50,360 --> 00:09:52,800
He likes the planets.
He likes chemistry.
175
00:09:52,960 --> 00:09:54,520
He likes genetics.
176
00:09:54,680 --> 00:09:58,320
But what he's really interested in
is logic problems.
177
00:09:58,480 --> 00:10:00,400
Mathematical logic.
178
00:10:00,560 --> 00:10:03,640
Turing is only 27 years old,
179
00:10:03,800 --> 00:10:05,800
but he's already
a world-renowned leader
180
00:10:05,960 --> 00:10:07,960
in the solving
of mathematical problems
181
00:10:08,120 --> 00:10:10,240
with the help
of mechanical devices.
182
00:10:11,360 --> 00:10:14,880
One of the greatest contributions
that Alan Turing brings
183
00:10:15,040 --> 00:10:17,320
{\an8}to code-breaking in this era is
184
00:10:17,480 --> 00:10:19,720
{\an8}to understand that,
to attack the Enigma machine,
185
00:10:19,880 --> 00:10:21,520
the British will need
their own machine.
186
00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:26,040
Turing begins by studying
187
00:10:26,200 --> 00:10:28,800
the critical work
of Polish codebreakers.
188
00:10:28,960 --> 00:10:30,320
Before the War,
189
00:10:30,480 --> 00:10:32,560
these men built a machine
that could sift through
190
00:10:32,720 --> 00:10:35,680
the many variations
of the early Enigma settings.
191
00:10:36,800 --> 00:10:38,320
In 1939...
192
00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:41,400
fearing the Nazis were about
to invade their country,
193
00:10:41,560 --> 00:10:43,680
the Poles presented
their device to the British
194
00:10:43,840 --> 00:10:45,840
and French Intelligence Services.
195
00:10:47,320 --> 00:10:50,480
Turing now assembles
a radically upgraded
196
00:10:50,640 --> 00:10:53,800
British version of this machine:
The Bombe.
197
00:10:56,480 --> 00:10:59,720
It's huge. Imagine a wardrobe,
maybe a bit bigger.
198
00:10:59,880 --> 00:11:01,520
Very noisy, very clunky.
199
00:11:02,360 --> 00:11:06,560
The British feed intercepted
German signals into the Bombe.
200
00:11:06,720 --> 00:11:08,440
Then, it rotates
through the millions
201
00:11:08,600 --> 00:11:10,360
of possible Enigma settings...
202
00:11:12,320 --> 00:11:14,480
...and,
by a process of elimination,
203
00:11:14,640 --> 00:11:18,040
reduces these to a smaller number
that can be deciphered,
204
00:11:18,200 --> 00:11:20,280
revealing the original message.
205
00:11:21,920 --> 00:11:23,800
{\an8}This is a sort of behemoth,
206
00:11:23,960 --> 00:11:25,720
{\an8}the like of which has
never been seen before.
207
00:11:25,880 --> 00:11:28,080
{\an8}It's got 100 rotating drums.
208
00:11:28,240 --> 00:11:32,000
It's got 1 million
soldered connections.
209
00:11:33,320 --> 00:11:35,680
How is this monster
going to deliver?
210
00:11:36,720 --> 00:11:38,920
Turing and his team are in a race
211
00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:41,120
against time and Adolf Hitler.
212
00:11:42,160 --> 00:11:44,160
In August 1940,
213
00:11:44,320 --> 00:11:46,760
his Luftwaffe begins to attack
214
00:11:46,920 --> 00:11:49,040
Royal Air Force bases
in the South of England.
215
00:11:50,240 --> 00:11:52,480
The Battle of Britain has begun.
216
00:12:13,560 --> 00:12:15,200
Hitler has ordered
the Luftwaffe
217
00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:17,480
to destroy the Royal Air Force
and its bases
218
00:12:17,640 --> 00:12:20,640
before he invades
Great Britain by sea.
219
00:12:22,920 --> 00:12:24,400
The defence
of the country depends
220
00:12:24,560 --> 00:12:28,920
on the young RAF pilots and airmen
sent up to defend Britain.
221
00:12:31,440 --> 00:12:33,040
At Bletchley Park,
222
00:12:33,200 --> 00:12:35,840
Turing and his team have been
working to improve the Bombe.
223
00:12:36,960 --> 00:12:41,080
And now, they're decrypting
the Luftwaffe's Enigma signals.
224
00:12:43,240 --> 00:12:46,280
{\an8}You have got
these extraordinary individuals -
225
00:12:46,440 --> 00:12:49,760
certainly not
your carbon-copy military types -
226
00:12:49,920 --> 00:12:52,840
who have achieved
what was believed
227
00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:55,040
to be impossible.
228
00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:01,160
Turing calls
his new machine "Victory."
229
00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:05,120
After decryption,
230
00:13:05,280 --> 00:13:07,320
teams decode the German signals,
231
00:13:07,480 --> 00:13:11,200
then feed the intelligent to the
Royal Air Force fighter command.
232
00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:14,800
Bletchley Park is absolutely vital
233
00:13:14,960 --> 00:13:17,760
{\an8}for the British defence
in the Battle of Britain.
234
00:13:17,920 --> 00:13:20,840
Why?
235
00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:23,840
Because it reveals
the Luftwaffe order of battle.
236
00:13:24,000 --> 00:13:26,560
So you can see
who's going where, when.
237
00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:31,200
And better still, it also reveals
that the Germans have
238
00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:34,400
these direction-finding beams
for their aircraft.
239
00:13:34,560 --> 00:13:36,120
And if you can intercept
those beams,
240
00:13:36,280 --> 00:13:39,120
you know where
the aircraft are going in advance.
241
00:13:39,280 --> 00:13:42,400
And you could therefore defend
those targets far more adequately.
242
00:13:42,560 --> 00:13:45,640
It also reveals the true extent
243
00:13:45,800 --> 00:13:47,720
of German aircraft losses.
244
00:13:47,880 --> 00:13:50,720
Now, that's a really important
piece of information for the RAF
245
00:13:50,880 --> 00:13:54,720
because they know that
the Germans are getting hammered.
246
00:13:59,200 --> 00:14:02,400
So it is absolutely vital.
247
00:14:03,440 --> 00:14:05,680
The work
at Bletchley Park is crucial
248
00:14:05,840 --> 00:14:08,640
to the RAF's victory
in the Battle of Britain.
249
00:14:08,800 --> 00:14:12,320
Hitler indefinitely postpones
the invasion.
250
00:14:12,480 --> 00:14:15,920
The scope and scale
of the code-breaking operation
251
00:14:16,080 --> 00:14:18,640
expands with its success.
252
00:14:19,480 --> 00:14:21,840
The initial stage is
the collection
253
00:14:22,000 --> 00:14:23,480
{\an8}of the signals themselves
254
00:14:23,640 --> 00:14:26,480
at interception sites dotted
255
00:14:26,640 --> 00:14:28,800
all around the UK and overseas.
256
00:14:28,960 --> 00:14:32,080
Any signals that are encrypted
would be relayed
257
00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:34,920
via teleprinter
or via a dispatch rider
258
00:14:35,080 --> 00:14:38,520
who would relay the material
back to Bletchley Park.
259
00:14:41,080 --> 00:14:44,600
Now, Alan Turing's
Bombe machine starts
260
00:14:44,760 --> 00:14:47,320
the key part
of your encryption process.
261
00:14:47,480 --> 00:14:49,160
{\an8}Then, specialised teams
will finalise that
262
00:14:49,320 --> 00:14:51,000
{\an8}and decrypt that message.
263
00:14:51,160 --> 00:14:53,440
But it's in German now.
So now you've got translators
264
00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:56,000
who are working to translate
the message into English.
265
00:14:56,160 --> 00:14:57,840
We needed linguists.
266
00:14:58,000 --> 00:14:59,600
We needed to people who were good
267
00:14:59,760 --> 00:15:02,240
at clerical administrative tasks
and typing,
268
00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:06,200
which is why the site mushroomed
in terms of numbers and scale.
269
00:15:07,480 --> 00:15:09,600
Finally, you need
to analyse the message
270
00:15:09,760 --> 00:15:12,120
and send it out to commanders
in the field,
271
00:15:12,280 --> 00:15:13,520
so that they can put it into use.
272
00:15:16,120 --> 00:15:19,120
This was to produce intelligence
for all theatres of war.
273
00:15:21,680 --> 00:15:24,400
It wasn't just producing
material for Europe.
274
00:15:24,560 --> 00:15:26,320
It was producing intelligence
275
00:15:26,480 --> 00:15:29,160
from North Africa,
the Middle East, the Far East.
276
00:15:30,040 --> 00:15:33,440
This was a global war,
and it needed global intelligence.
277
00:15:34,600 --> 00:15:37,200
The Enigma signals
intelligence generated
278
00:15:37,360 --> 00:15:39,480
by Bletchley Park is given a name -
279
00:15:39,640 --> 00:15:42,040
"ULTRA" for "ultra secret."
280
00:15:42,200 --> 00:15:45,280
Winston Churchill is
its biggest champion.
281
00:15:45,440 --> 00:15:46,840
He has long-believed
282
00:15:47,000 --> 00:15:49,800
that intelligence will help
the Allies win the war.
283
00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:54,480
For a general or a politician,
to be able to read
284
00:15:54,640 --> 00:15:58,040
{\an8}the innermost thoughts of your enemy
is like a superpower.
285
00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:02,400
Churchill would look at these
intelligence reports in his bath,
286
00:16:02,560 --> 00:16:04,640
in his bedroom,
out in the garden.
287
00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:06,480
He wanted to see
the raw intelligence.
288
00:16:06,640 --> 00:16:08,160
He was fascinated by it.
289
00:16:08,320 --> 00:16:10,520
And Churchill could see that,
in Bletchley Park,
290
00:16:10,680 --> 00:16:12,800
he had a potentially
war-winning tool.
291
00:16:12,960 --> 00:16:14,680
He made sure they had
the resources they needed.
292
00:16:14,840 --> 00:16:17,000
He made sure they had access to him.
He said that they could get
293
00:16:17,160 --> 00:16:19,880
in touch with him
any hour of the day,
294
00:16:20,040 --> 00:16:21,640
no matter what.
295
00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:25,240
Churchill understands
296
00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:28,160
how important
military intelligence can be.
297
00:16:28,320 --> 00:16:31,440
He was Home Secretary and led MI5,
298
00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:34,200
Britain's domestic
Intelligence Service.
299
00:16:35,120 --> 00:16:36,920
Heil eurem Fuehrer!
300
00:16:37,080 --> 00:16:38,760
Heil! Heil, Fuehrer!
301
00:16:38,920 --> 00:16:41,840
Hitler, on the other hand,
has long been sceptical
302
00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:44,280
of the usefulness
of military intelligence.
303
00:16:45,160 --> 00:16:47,840
I don't think
Hitler values intelligence
304
00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:49,920
in the same way that Churchill did.
305
00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:53,000
{\an8}Hitler is a guy
who believes in his instincts.
306
00:16:53,160 --> 00:16:55,200
{\an8}He believes in his vision.
307
00:16:56,640 --> 00:16:58,520
Hitler is so caught
308
00:16:58,680 --> 00:17:00,760
{\an8}in his own ideological thinking
309
00:17:00,920 --> 00:17:03,560
{\an8}that he rejects
out of hand intelligence
310
00:17:03,720 --> 00:17:06,120
that doesn't go along
with his worldview.
311
00:17:06,280 --> 00:17:09,440
He doesn't rely on it all that much.
312
00:17:11,640 --> 00:17:15,040
German military intelligence
- the Abwehr -
313
00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:17,560
is led by Admiral Wilhelm Canaris.
314
00:17:18,840 --> 00:17:22,720
Canaris has planned German espionage
campaigns all over the world,
315
00:17:22,880 --> 00:17:25,720
including in the United States.
316
00:17:25,880 --> 00:17:29,200
By all accounts, Hitler is largely
very impressed by him.
317
00:17:29,360 --> 00:17:31,120
Canaris is very sophisticated.
318
00:17:31,280 --> 00:17:33,280
He's really on top of his job.
319
00:17:33,440 --> 00:17:35,200
He's terrifically well informed.
320
00:17:35,360 --> 00:17:36,840
And he has some good ideas.
321
00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:41,040
But Canaris is a realist,
322
00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:45,600
and the Abwehr's intelligence is
often too candid for the Fuehrer.
323
00:17:47,320 --> 00:17:48,920
He keeps coming up
with reports that suggest
324
00:17:49,080 --> 00:17:51,840
that a war with Britain would
be a long, hard war,
325
00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:54,000
{\an8}that a war with the United States
would be unwinnable,
326
00:17:54,160 --> 00:17:56,920
{\an8}that even a war with the Soviet
Union would be much more difficult.
327
00:17:57,080 --> 00:17:59,560
Nobody wants to hear
from pessimists right now,
328
00:17:59,720 --> 00:18:02,560
especially an invincible Hitler
at the height of his power.
329
00:18:04,080 --> 00:18:07,320
Hitler believed predominantly
in military might.
330
00:18:07,480 --> 00:18:10,240
The great German military machine.
331
00:18:10,400 --> 00:18:12,160
And to be honest,
he has great reason
332
00:18:12,320 --> 00:18:15,040
to believe in the might of his army
because it's achieving things
333
00:18:15,200 --> 00:18:16,600
that have never
been achieved before.
334
00:18:18,120 --> 00:18:20,240
In Britain,
Churchill doesn't have
335
00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:21,920
the military resources
336
00:18:22,080 --> 00:18:24,200
to attack Germany on the ground.
337
00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:29,400
So he creates
the Special Operations Executive,
338
00:18:29,560 --> 00:18:33,520
which launches espionage
and sabotage campaigns
339
00:18:33,680 --> 00:18:35,360
throughout Nazi-occupied Europe.
340
00:18:38,080 --> 00:18:40,400
But Churchill knows
that this is not enough.
341
00:18:40,560 --> 00:18:42,240
He needs an ally.
342
00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:45,280
He needs the United States.
343
00:19:00,120 --> 00:19:02,640
After months
of Luftwaffe attacks,
344
00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:05,160
Prime Minister Winston Churchill
is determined
345
00:19:05,320 --> 00:19:08,480
to persuade the United States
to enter the War.
346
00:19:11,320 --> 00:19:12,640
Without America as an Ally,
347
00:19:12,800 --> 00:19:15,840
he fears Hitler will
defeat Great Britain
348
00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:18,240
and absorb the British Empire.
349
00:19:20,680 --> 00:19:23,800
One way for Churchill to gain
American confidence and support...
350
00:19:24,720 --> 00:19:27,280
...is to share critical intelligence
and information
351
00:19:27,440 --> 00:19:28,840
with the United States.
352
00:19:30,560 --> 00:19:32,680
{\an8}Churchill is so desperate
to get the Americans into the War
353
00:19:32,840 --> 00:19:35,200
{\an8}that he does really anything
he can to woo them.
354
00:19:35,360 --> 00:19:37,520
He wants the Americans
to be impressed.
355
00:19:37,680 --> 00:19:39,880
He wants the Americans
to enter this alliance,
356
00:19:40,040 --> 00:19:41,920
come into the War with confidence.
357
00:19:42,080 --> 00:19:43,840
And what could be more persuasive
358
00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:45,840
than showing off
to the Americans,
359
00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:47,680
telling them
that you're on the way to building
360
00:19:47,840 --> 00:19:51,240
a pretty complete picture
of everything your enemy is doing
361
00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:53,560
and thinking and saying in private.
362
00:19:53,720 --> 00:19:55,720
That's an Ally you want to have.
363
00:19:57,080 --> 00:19:58,480
In February 1941,
364
00:19:58,640 --> 00:20:01,480
{\an8}the first American delegation
comes to Bletchley Park.
365
00:20:01,640 --> 00:20:04,360
{\an8}Winston Churchill
gives authorisation.
366
00:20:04,520 --> 00:20:05,720
From then...
367
00:20:05,880 --> 00:20:08,600
the American and
British Partnership really started
368
00:20:08,760 --> 00:20:11,720
to move at pace; it blossomed.
369
00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:16,840
Intelligence officers
from both countries work together
370
00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:19,160
throughout 1941.
371
00:20:21,880 --> 00:20:25,040
But, in December,
when Japan attacks Pearl Harbor...
372
00:20:27,200 --> 00:20:30,160
...cooperation evolves
into alliance.
373
00:20:31,880 --> 00:20:34,600
America is now at war with Japan.
374
00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:38,400
And days later... with Germany.
375
00:20:39,680 --> 00:20:42,840
{\an8}America has almost
no Intelligence Service
376
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:44,920
{\an8}before we enter the War.
377
00:20:45,080 --> 00:20:47,040
So there's Army
and Navy code-breakers.
378
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:48,360
But there's no equivalent
379
00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:50,520
of the British Foreign
Intelligence Service.
380
00:20:51,400 --> 00:20:54,360
American Intelligence is
like a cottage industry.
381
00:20:55,440 --> 00:20:57,440
You know,
it's at a pre-industrial stage
382
00:20:57,600 --> 00:21:00,040
before Pearl Harbor occurs.
383
00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:04,760
Now the United States works
with Britain to establish the OSS,
384
00:21:04,920 --> 00:21:07,720
the Office of Strategic Services.
385
00:21:09,960 --> 00:21:12,040
But as the Americans
enter the War,
386
00:21:12,200 --> 00:21:15,840
the Germans still control a large
portion of Soviet territory.
387
00:21:17,720 --> 00:21:19,960
And the Japanese continue
388
00:21:20,120 --> 00:21:22,480
to sweep through the Pacific
and Southeast Asia.
389
00:21:23,680 --> 00:21:27,880
By 1942...
you have an unprecedented...
390
00:21:28,040 --> 00:21:30,800
{\an8}trans-Atlantic collaboration,
391
00:21:30,960 --> 00:21:33,760
{\an8}intelligence sharing on every level.
392
00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:37,520
The Americans are
in every department
393
00:21:37,680 --> 00:21:40,440
in Bletchley Park
working alongside Britain.
394
00:21:40,600 --> 00:21:44,400
So this is a really significant,
enduring partnership.
395
00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:50,160
ULTRA's success gives
the Allies an advantage -
396
00:21:50,320 --> 00:21:53,280
especially in the crucial
Battle of the North Atlantic.
397
00:21:56,520 --> 00:21:59,360
It reveals the location
of Nazi U-boats,
398
00:21:59,520 --> 00:22:03,200
allowing Allied navies
to avoid German Wolf Packs,
399
00:22:03,360 --> 00:22:06,960
and safely re-route
the all-important convoys.
400
00:22:08,680 --> 00:22:11,520
{\an8}It has an incredible impact
on the Battle of the Atlantic.
401
00:22:11,680 --> 00:22:13,720
{\an8}As a matter of fact,
it swings the entire battle
402
00:22:13,880 --> 00:22:15,640
{\an8}in the Allies' favour.
403
00:22:18,400 --> 00:22:20,720
Despite this,
most of the German High Command
404
00:22:20,880 --> 00:22:23,880
still believe
the Enigma codes are unbreakable.
405
00:22:26,040 --> 00:22:27,920
But Admiral Karl Donitz,
406
00:22:28,080 --> 00:22:30,840
the Commander
of the Nazi U-boat fleet,
407
00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:35,520
cannot understand how Allied ships
keep sailing around his submarines.
408
00:22:37,120 --> 00:22:38,920
Admiral Donitz is by far
409
00:22:39,080 --> 00:22:42,440
the most security-obsessed
military leader
410
00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:44,440
in the German war machine.
411
00:22:44,600 --> 00:22:46,920
And he sniffed out the fact
412
00:22:47,080 --> 00:22:49,160
that we're rerouting our convoys.
413
00:22:50,600 --> 00:22:53,280
Admiral Donitz orders
an examination
414
00:22:53,440 --> 00:22:56,800
into the integrity
of the Enigma codes and ciphers.
415
00:22:56,960 --> 00:23:00,000
His intelligence officers insist
416
00:23:00,160 --> 00:23:02,320
that the system is impregnable.
417
00:23:02,480 --> 00:23:05,520
They argue that the Allies are
using radar to track U-boats.
418
00:23:05,680 --> 00:23:09,280
Or that there are spies
in the German Navy.
419
00:23:09,440 --> 00:23:13,120
They launch investigations
to identify possible traitors.
420
00:23:14,840 --> 00:23:18,040
{\an8}The Germans are so convinced
that it is unbreakable
421
00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:21,440
{\an8}that they don't see what's going on,
422
00:23:21,600 --> 00:23:23,720
even if it stares them
into the face.
423
00:23:23,880 --> 00:23:27,440
They never try to prove
that it has been broken.
424
00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:31,080
They always try to prove
that it cannot be broken,
425
00:23:31,240 --> 00:23:33,280
meaning that they always end up
426
00:23:33,440 --> 00:23:35,320
at their preferred answer -
427
00:23:35,480 --> 00:23:36,880
everything is fine.
428
00:23:43,960 --> 00:23:46,200
In February 1942,
429
00:23:46,360 --> 00:23:50,080
Donitz orders a security upgrade
to the Enigma machine.
430
00:23:53,320 --> 00:23:56,240
A fourth rotor is added,
431
00:23:56,400 --> 00:23:58,560
strengthening the encryption
even further.
432
00:24:01,560 --> 00:24:02,920
In 1942,
433
00:24:03,080 --> 00:24:05,440
{\an8}the German U-boat flotillas changed
434
00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:09,080
{\an8}from the M3 to the M4 Enigma,
adding a fourth rotor,
435
00:24:09,240 --> 00:24:13,000
which added a huge layer of
complexity to attacking the cipher.
436
00:24:14,600 --> 00:24:16,440
Basically, it takes the odds
437
00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:20,040
of 150 million-million-million
to one from the three-rotor
438
00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:22,160
up to an unfathomable...
439
00:24:22,320 --> 00:24:24,880
92 septillion to one shot.
440
00:24:26,520 --> 00:24:28,480
This addition is
a major setback
441
00:24:28,640 --> 00:24:30,560
for Bletchley Park
in the North Atlantic.
442
00:24:32,560 --> 00:24:34,240
It's almost like
the light's going out
443
00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:36,360
on a grid of an electrical pattern.
444
00:24:36,520 --> 00:24:38,480
You can't find submarines anymore.
445
00:24:41,320 --> 00:24:43,600
Once again,
German U-boats pose
446
00:24:43,760 --> 00:24:46,200
a grave threat
to Allied shipping.
447
00:24:49,960 --> 00:24:52,600
Intelligence officers
at Bletchley Park are no longer able
448
00:24:52,760 --> 00:24:54,600
to decrypt German naval signals.
449
00:24:54,760 --> 00:24:58,360
To utilise ULTRA
in the Battle of the Atlantic again,
450
00:24:58,520 --> 00:25:00,960
the British will attempt
to seize the codebooks
451
00:25:01,120 --> 00:25:04,640
the Germans use to set
their Enigma machines.
452
00:25:15,920 --> 00:25:19,720
The Allies are on the verge of
losing the Battle of the Atlantic.
453
00:25:19,880 --> 00:25:23,240
The first half of 1942 is
once again referred to
454
00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:26,640
as the "Happy Time"
by German U-boat commanders.
455
00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:30,840
One thing that can
help the Allies is
456
00:25:31,000 --> 00:25:33,680
to restart ULTRA in the Atlantic.
457
00:25:33,840 --> 00:25:36,880
But they need to decrypt
the new Enigma messages.
458
00:25:38,080 --> 00:25:40,480
{\an8}This code material is
absolutely priceless
459
00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:42,480
{\an8}for the code-breakers
of Bletchley Park.
460
00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:45,760
It was used to set up the machine.
461
00:25:45,920 --> 00:25:48,000
It shows how it's supposed
to be configured
462
00:25:48,160 --> 00:25:50,480
for every single day
of every single month.
463
00:25:52,800 --> 00:25:54,920
The British launch secret raids
464
00:25:55,080 --> 00:25:57,600
to extract any intelligence
they can find
465
00:25:57,760 --> 00:26:01,560
on German submarines, ships,
and military facilities,
466
00:26:01,720 --> 00:26:04,120
including Enigma codebooks.
467
00:26:04,280 --> 00:26:07,400
They call the raids
"pinch operations."
468
00:26:07,560 --> 00:26:10,240
"Pinch" is British slang
for "stealing."
469
00:26:10,400 --> 00:26:14,200
British Intelligence Officer
Lieutenant Commander Ian Fleming
470
00:26:14,360 --> 00:26:16,560
helps to coordinate
pinch operations.
471
00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:19,320
Ian Fleming ends up
472
00:26:19,480 --> 00:26:22,800
at the Department of Naval
Intelligence almost by accident.
473
00:26:22,960 --> 00:26:25,600
{\an8}He's got no experience
in intelligence work,
474
00:26:25,760 --> 00:26:27,720
{\an8}but he very quickly finds his feet.
475
00:26:28,640 --> 00:26:30,680
He has this gift for analysis
476
00:26:30,840 --> 00:26:33,040
and weighing up
intelligence options.
477
00:26:33,880 --> 00:26:37,200
Fleming, who later writes
the James Bond novels,
478
00:26:37,360 --> 00:26:41,440
plans a pinch operation
in connection with an Allied raid.
479
00:26:48,480 --> 00:26:51,600
Operation Jubilee will be
a large amphibious landing,
480
00:26:51,760 --> 00:26:55,720
essentially a dress-rehearsal
for the expected invasion of Europe.
481
00:26:55,880 --> 00:26:58,000
It involves 1,000 aircraft
482
00:26:58,160 --> 00:27:00,280
and more than 230 ships.
483
00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:05,520
Their target is the heavily
fortified French port of Dieppe.
484
00:27:06,480 --> 00:27:08,240
The Allies know
they're going to have to stage
485
00:27:08,400 --> 00:27:09,680
{\an8}a landing in Western Europe
486
00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:11,880
{\an8}in order to win the war
against Hitler's Germany -
487
00:27:12,040 --> 00:27:15,280
it's a test to see
if you can seize a port.
488
00:27:17,080 --> 00:27:19,320
At the centre of this was
the Royal Marine Commando,
489
00:27:19,480 --> 00:27:20,480
which were a British unit,
490
00:27:20,640 --> 00:27:23,480
but the vast majority were
Canadian infantry.
491
00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:25,280
And then, of course,
this was the debut
492
00:27:25,440 --> 00:27:27,000
of the United States of America.
493
00:27:27,160 --> 00:27:29,480
There were 50 United States Rangers
494
00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:32,480
that were going to go
into combat on European soil
495
00:27:32,640 --> 00:27:34,920
in the Second World War
for the first time.
496
00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:37,920
Lieutenant Commander Fleming
and a small team
497
00:27:38,080 --> 00:27:39,840
called 30 Assault Unit
498
00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:42,040
are part of the raiding force.
499
00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:46,360
They have a specific objective.
500
00:27:48,080 --> 00:27:50,160
With Fleming coordinating
aboard ship,
501
00:27:50,320 --> 00:27:52,480
30 AU will attempt to enter
502
00:27:52,640 --> 00:27:54,880
the German Navy's
regional headquarters
503
00:27:55,040 --> 00:27:56,960
and a nearby supply depot.
504
00:27:58,840 --> 00:28:03,160
Both will likely contain codebooks
for the new Enigma machines.
505
00:28:04,680 --> 00:28:06,080
From a pinch perspective...
506
00:28:06,240 --> 00:28:08,440
what is really important
about Dieppe is
507
00:28:08,600 --> 00:28:11,840
that they have all these code books
waiting to be distributed,
508
00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:15,320
not only for the next month,
but months in advance.
509
00:28:17,480 --> 00:28:19,760
But after initial success,
510
00:28:19,920 --> 00:28:22,360
the landing at Dieppe disintegrates.
511
00:28:24,040 --> 00:28:26,520
It is absolutely Hell.
512
00:28:27,760 --> 00:28:31,720
You've got to run up this beach,
carrying all your kit and a rifle.
513
00:28:32,800 --> 00:28:35,520
And of course,
you've got German machine guns,
514
00:28:35,680 --> 00:28:39,000
mortars, artillery,
you name it, firing at you.
515
00:28:44,080 --> 00:28:47,040
It becomes an absolute slaughter.
516
00:28:51,720 --> 00:28:54,720
Over half of the Allied
forces at Dieppe are killed,
517
00:28:54,880 --> 00:28:56,320
wounded, or captured.
518
00:28:57,320 --> 00:29:00,240
Most of 30 Assault Unit's
men are killed.
519
00:29:02,080 --> 00:29:04,240
At the end of the day,
they come away with nothing,
520
00:29:04,400 --> 00:29:07,280
despite all the bloodshed.
521
00:29:08,920 --> 00:29:11,800
The raid on Dieppe is
a failure from every angle.
522
00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:17,520
But the British still need
German codebooks
523
00:29:17,680 --> 00:29:20,200
and intelligence to revive ULTRA.
524
00:29:20,360 --> 00:29:24,440
Allied ships are ordered to make
seizing German intelligence
525
00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:27,480
a part of every mission,
when possible.
526
00:29:32,760 --> 00:29:35,080
In the fall of 1942,
527
00:29:35,240 --> 00:29:38,440
HMS Petard is one
of a small destroyer groups
528
00:29:38,600 --> 00:29:40,600
sent to hunt Nazi U-Boats.
529
00:29:42,520 --> 00:29:45,240
When they locate U-559,
530
00:29:45,400 --> 00:29:47,920
they launch depth charges...
531
00:29:48,080 --> 00:29:50,280
...and force it
to the surface.
532
00:29:50,440 --> 00:29:53,160
The U-Boat crew abandon
their submarine.
533
00:29:53,320 --> 00:29:55,760
It was sinking slowly.
534
00:29:55,920 --> 00:29:58,920
And this gives the opportunity
for the crew of HMS Petard
535
00:29:59,080 --> 00:30:01,480
to actually board the U-boat
536
00:30:01,640 --> 00:30:03,880
and try to pinch
and capture the material
537
00:30:04,040 --> 00:30:06,480
from the sinking U-boat
as it's going down.
538
00:30:09,080 --> 00:30:11,040
Three men rush inside -
539
00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:12,880
Lieutenant Tony Fasson,
540
00:30:13,040 --> 00:30:15,040
Able Seaman Colin Grazier,
541
00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:18,640
and a 16-year-old
canteen assistant, Tommy Brown.
542
00:30:20,040 --> 00:30:22,280
They're down there
working with flashlights,
543
00:30:22,440 --> 00:30:25,120
ransacking the place,
looking for anything.
544
00:30:26,440 --> 00:30:28,000
But it's a race against time
545
00:30:28,160 --> 00:30:30,240
because the U-boat is starting
to fill with water.
546
00:30:32,040 --> 00:30:34,240
The three British sailors
have minutes
547
00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:36,240
to find useful intelligence.
548
00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:51,160
Three British sailors
desperately search
549
00:30:51,320 --> 00:30:53,600
a crippled U-Boat
as it begins to sink.
550
00:30:56,880 --> 00:30:59,400
What they find could
help win the War.
551
00:31:03,280 --> 00:31:04,800
They go down
to the signals office.
552
00:31:04,960 --> 00:31:07,480
{\an8}Then, they go into the
captain's cabin, and sure enough,
553
00:31:07,640 --> 00:31:09,480
{\an8}find the material
and a whole lot of it.
554
00:31:10,440 --> 00:31:12,640
These guys, freezing cold,
555
00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:14,520
petrified, are below deck
556
00:31:14,680 --> 00:31:18,000
{\an8}feeding crucial,
rich signals intelligence -
557
00:31:18,160 --> 00:31:19,480
{\an8}these cipher books -
558
00:31:19,640 --> 00:31:21,600
{\an8}up the conning tower.
559
00:31:21,760 --> 00:31:25,120
Almost like a conveyor belt,
one guy to another, to another.
560
00:31:26,840 --> 00:31:29,440
Suddenly,
the submarine takes on
561
00:31:29,600 --> 00:31:31,280
this huge rush of water...
562
00:31:32,560 --> 00:31:36,040
...the pressure of which pushes
the teenager Tommy
563
00:31:36,200 --> 00:31:38,840
out of the conning tower
like a cork from a bottle.
564
00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:41,840
But tragically, it kills the two men
565
00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:44,720
who have done
this VITAL work below deck.
566
00:31:47,360 --> 00:31:51,160
They're actually trapped...
as the water starts to come in,
567
00:31:51,320 --> 00:31:54,320
and they give their lives
to affect the pinch operation,
568
00:31:54,480 --> 00:31:56,880
which changes the course
of the intelligence war.
569
00:31:59,120 --> 00:32:01,720
The courage of
these three British sailors means
570
00:32:01,880 --> 00:32:04,720
Bletchley Park can once again decode
571
00:32:04,880 --> 00:32:07,360
the German navy's Enigma messages.
572
00:32:07,520 --> 00:32:11,280
But now, the code-breakers become
victims of their own success.
573
00:32:13,160 --> 00:32:15,400
The number of enemy signals
they intercept
574
00:32:15,560 --> 00:32:18,160
and decode grows so rapidly
575
00:32:18,320 --> 00:32:20,240
that the Bombe machines
can no longer handle
576
00:32:20,400 --> 00:32:23,800
the sheer volume
of material fed into them.
577
00:32:25,840 --> 00:32:28,880
The Allies need
to process military intelligence
578
00:32:29,040 --> 00:32:31,040
on an industrial scale.
579
00:32:32,120 --> 00:32:35,240
So, Great Britain turns to its Ally:
580
00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:37,120
the United States.
581
00:32:38,520 --> 00:32:40,840
We send our most precious asset...
582
00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:44,720
the other side of the Atlantic;
we send Alan Turing to America.
583
00:32:52,480 --> 00:32:54,920
In the winter of 1942,
584
00:32:55,080 --> 00:32:58,440
Turing meets Joe Desch,
an electrical engineer
585
00:32:58,600 --> 00:33:02,280
at the National Cash
Register Company in Dayton, Ohio.
586
00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:08,880
As a result, the Bombe machines
evolve into an electrical,
587
00:33:09,040 --> 00:33:12,960
as well as a mechanical,
weapon against the Third Reich.
588
00:33:16,560 --> 00:33:20,000
Desch's machine is
transformative technology.
589
00:33:20,160 --> 00:33:22,600
{\an8}He's invented the first...
590
00:33:22,760 --> 00:33:24,800
{\an8}electronic computer memory.
591
00:33:25,880 --> 00:33:29,440
The new machines are
six times faster...
592
00:33:30,280 --> 00:33:32,320
...and are mass-produced
in the hundreds.
593
00:33:33,960 --> 00:33:37,120
By decrypting messages
at such speed and scale...
594
00:33:38,400 --> 00:33:42,480
...the Allies are able to access
key German information
595
00:33:42,640 --> 00:33:47,040
and, in combination with a mosaic
of intelligence operations -
596
00:33:47,200 --> 00:33:50,200
deception, espionage,
and sabotage -
597
00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:53,960
they can corroborate
that their secret war is working.
598
00:34:00,880 --> 00:34:03,560
In the Spring of 1943,
599
00:34:03,720 --> 00:34:06,720
Allied Forces - under the leadership
of Dwight Eisenhower -
600
00:34:06,880 --> 00:34:10,920
have forced the German and
Italian Armies out of North Africa.
601
00:34:12,440 --> 00:34:16,680
The Allies' plan is
to next invade the island of Sicily.
602
00:34:17,920 --> 00:34:20,240
The only real problem
with Sicily is
603
00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:22,640
{\an8}that it's somewhat
of an obvious target.
604
00:34:22,800 --> 00:34:23,920
{\an8}If you're looking at a map,
605
00:34:24,080 --> 00:34:26,040
Sicily is the first big island.
606
00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:28,280
The Allies believe
it's necessary to spread
607
00:34:28,440 --> 00:34:30,640
a little disinformation around,
608
00:34:30,800 --> 00:34:32,880
make Hitler
and the German planners think
609
00:34:33,040 --> 00:34:35,080
the landing is coming
somewhere else,
610
00:34:35,240 --> 00:34:37,720
perhaps in the Balkan Peninsula
to the east.
611
00:34:37,880 --> 00:34:39,680
Anywhere but Sicily.
612
00:34:45,280 --> 00:34:47,880
In February 1943,
613
00:34:48,040 --> 00:34:50,760
Ian Fleming, and
other British intelligence officers,
614
00:34:50,920 --> 00:34:52,440
formulate a plan.
615
00:34:53,680 --> 00:34:56,440
It emerges from a list of ideas
616
00:34:56,600 --> 00:34:58,760
known as "The Trout Memo."
617
00:35:00,760 --> 00:35:02,160
The Trout Memo is so-called
618
00:35:02,320 --> 00:35:04,000
because it uses fly fishing
619
00:35:04,160 --> 00:35:05,800
as a kind of analogy
620
00:35:05,960 --> 00:35:08,000
{\an8}for conducting deception operations
621
00:35:08,160 --> 00:35:10,040
{\an8}against the Germans.
622
00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:14,040
Now, it's widely believed that this
was largely written by Ian Fleming.
623
00:35:14,200 --> 00:35:16,240
It's very much in his style.
624
00:35:16,400 --> 00:35:19,520
And it shows
that very imaginative thinking
625
00:35:19,680 --> 00:35:22,640
for which he's later going to be
absolutely renowned, of course.
626
00:35:23,560 --> 00:35:27,160
Most of the suggestions in it
are pretty far-fetched.
627
00:35:27,320 --> 00:35:30,560
But there's one
that actually does catch the eye,
628
00:35:30,720 --> 00:35:34,280
and that's this idea of putting
false information on a corpse,
629
00:35:34,440 --> 00:35:37,200
and then allowing it
to be discovered by the enemy.
630
00:35:39,480 --> 00:35:41,360
Intelligence officers believe
631
00:35:41,520 --> 00:35:44,200
this could be a way to feed
the Germans false plans
632
00:35:44,360 --> 00:35:47,520
for an Allied invasion
of The Balkans.
633
00:35:50,960 --> 00:35:53,080
It's a fiendish
and dastardly idea.
634
00:35:53,240 --> 00:35:55,640
If the Germans believe
the false documents,
635
00:35:55,800 --> 00:35:58,080
they will have the wrong idea
636
00:35:58,240 --> 00:36:00,080
of what the Allies are going
to get up to.
637
00:36:01,880 --> 00:36:04,840
The British name
the plan "Operation Mincemeat"
638
00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:07,680
and present it to Eisenhower.
639
00:36:07,840 --> 00:36:09,640
Eisenhower's buy-in is required
640
00:36:09,800 --> 00:36:12,400
{\an8}because Eisenhower is essentially
the theatre commander in the area.
641
00:36:12,560 --> 00:36:15,800
It's also indicative
of American trust
642
00:36:15,960 --> 00:36:18,120
in this particular operation.
643
00:36:19,720 --> 00:36:21,480
With Eisenhower's approval,
644
00:36:21,640 --> 00:36:24,880
British Intelligence moves
to the next stage.
645
00:36:29,440 --> 00:36:31,480
They find the corpse
of a homeless man in Britain,
646
00:36:31,640 --> 00:36:34,720
and they build
an entire story for him.
647
00:36:34,880 --> 00:36:38,360
A lifetime that he never
actually enjoyed in person.
648
00:36:38,520 --> 00:36:41,480
They give him a uniform.
They give him a career.
649
00:36:42,400 --> 00:36:44,120
They put identity cards
in his wallet.
650
00:36:44,280 --> 00:36:46,640
They give him pictures
of an imaginary girlfriend,
651
00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:48,120
the lovely Pam.
652
00:36:49,440 --> 00:36:53,000
He becomes Major Martin,
British Intelligence Officer.
653
00:36:54,480 --> 00:36:57,360
The final step is to give
Major Martin a briefcase
654
00:36:57,520 --> 00:37:01,080
containing fake plans for
an Allied invasion of The Balkans.
655
00:37:03,440 --> 00:37:06,160
The Allies must now get
Major Martin's documents
656
00:37:06,320 --> 00:37:09,320
into the hands of
Germany's intelligence chief,
657
00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:11,280
Admiral Canaris.
658
00:37:24,080 --> 00:37:28,000
In the early hours
of April 30th, 1943,
659
00:37:28,160 --> 00:37:30,800
a British submarine drops a corpse
660
00:37:30,960 --> 00:37:33,640
dressed in the uniform
of a Royal Marine
661
00:37:33,800 --> 00:37:36,120
into the sea
off the west coast of Spain.
662
00:37:38,200 --> 00:37:41,720
A briefcase is attached
to the corpse by a security chain.
663
00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:47,120
The British hope
the documents inside the case...
664
00:37:47,280 --> 00:37:50,240
will make their way
to Adolf Hitler in Berlin.
665
00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:55,160
They've chosen
Francisco Franco's Spain
666
00:37:55,320 --> 00:37:57,560
because they suspect
the Spanish will
667
00:37:57,720 --> 00:37:59,760
pass the information to the Germans.
668
00:38:02,200 --> 00:38:04,880
The British know
the German Intelligence Agencies,
669
00:38:05,040 --> 00:38:07,680
{\an8}especially the Abwehr
under Wilhelm Canaris,
670
00:38:07,840 --> 00:38:10,520
{\an8}have a really good relationship
with the Spanish.
671
00:38:11,440 --> 00:38:14,360
So, this is a far more clever
and subtle way
672
00:38:14,520 --> 00:38:18,360
of getting deception information
into German hands.
673
00:38:18,520 --> 00:38:21,760
Rather than just dumping it
off the coast of Germany...
674
00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:24,120
...put it off the coast of Spain,
675
00:38:24,280 --> 00:38:26,480
and you've got a more plausible way
676
00:38:26,640 --> 00:38:29,520
of that information
coming through the pipeline.
677
00:38:30,720 --> 00:38:33,080
A Spanish fisherman
finds the body.
678
00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:38,080
Soldiers guarding the coast take it
to Spanish Navy officers,
679
00:38:38,240 --> 00:38:40,720
who tell German
Intelligence agents in Spain
680
00:38:40,880 --> 00:38:42,480
what they've found.
681
00:38:44,120 --> 00:38:46,800
But signals decrypted
at Bletchley Park
682
00:38:46,960 --> 00:38:48,880
show the Germans are sceptical.
683
00:38:49,960 --> 00:38:53,240
The German agents in Spain
simply don't take the bait.
684
00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:55,120
Back in British intelligence,
685
00:38:55,280 --> 00:38:57,080
there's this terrible panic
686
00:38:57,240 --> 00:38:59,640
that Mincemeat is going to fail.
687
00:38:59,800 --> 00:39:01,640
You know,
it's just going to be ignored.
688
00:39:04,280 --> 00:39:06,880
To ignite interest
in Major Martin,
689
00:39:07,040 --> 00:39:10,720
British Intelligence writes a letter
to the Spanish authorities,
690
00:39:10,880 --> 00:39:13,280
demanding the return
of the briefcase
691
00:39:13,440 --> 00:39:15,520
and the document inside.
692
00:39:17,400 --> 00:39:18,760
They want to make it look
693
00:39:18,920 --> 00:39:20,520
as though
the British are deeply worried,
694
00:39:20,680 --> 00:39:22,240
as though, you know,
this really is...
695
00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:24,160
a proper officer
with real plans on him.
696
00:39:25,800 --> 00:39:27,960
This is a really daring gambit
697
00:39:28,120 --> 00:39:30,520
because it may seem too obvious.
698
00:39:30,680 --> 00:39:32,920
But, actually,
the British are lucky.
699
00:39:33,080 --> 00:39:36,640
What that does is to get
the local German agents
700
00:39:36,800 --> 00:39:38,440
to get hold of the plans
701
00:39:38,600 --> 00:39:41,320
that "Major Martin" is carrying,
702
00:39:41,480 --> 00:39:42,920
they photograph them,
703
00:39:43,080 --> 00:39:45,440
and they send those photographs
704
00:39:45,600 --> 00:39:47,680
back to their boss in Berlin:
705
00:39:47,840 --> 00:39:49,800
Wilhelm Canaris.
706
00:39:59,160 --> 00:40:00,840
Canaris is interested.
707
00:40:02,320 --> 00:40:04,800
He examines the plans for days...
708
00:40:04,960 --> 00:40:06,760
then hands them to Hitler.
709
00:40:07,680 --> 00:40:09,320
The Fuhrer already suspects
710
00:40:09,480 --> 00:40:11,520
the Allies will attack
through the Balkans,
711
00:40:11,680 --> 00:40:15,000
so he's inclined
to believe the information.
712
00:40:16,200 --> 00:40:19,640
But propaganda chief
Josef Goebbels is wary.
713
00:40:21,320 --> 00:40:23,280
Goebbels is smart,
and Goebbels, after all,
714
00:40:23,440 --> 00:40:25,800
is, you know, the Minister
for Propaganda, for Lies.
715
00:40:25,960 --> 00:40:27,600
He knows what it means
to deceive people.
716
00:40:27,760 --> 00:40:28,760
He thinks it's a bluff.
717
00:40:29,680 --> 00:40:33,120
The information Canaris gives
Hitler confirms his instinct.
718
00:40:41,080 --> 00:40:42,360
Two days later...
719
00:40:42,520 --> 00:40:44,760
Bletchley Park decodes a message.
720
00:40:45,680 --> 00:40:49,560
The Germans are moving troops
toward the Balkans.
721
00:40:52,560 --> 00:40:54,560
Operation Mincemeat is working.
722
00:40:57,680 --> 00:40:59,360
{\an8}The work of Bletchley Park feeds
723
00:40:59,520 --> 00:41:02,520
{\an8}into a deception campaign like this
in a really important way.
724
00:41:02,680 --> 00:41:04,560
ULTRA allows you to understand
725
00:41:04,720 --> 00:41:06,520
whether your enemy is...
726
00:41:06,680 --> 00:41:09,360
buying the deception
you're trying to sell.
727
00:41:09,520 --> 00:41:11,080
We can see,
728
00:41:11,240 --> 00:41:13,520
{\an8}thanks to our Bletchley decryptions,
729
00:41:13,680 --> 00:41:17,680
{\an8}that Hitler is pulling Panzer units
730
00:41:17,840 --> 00:41:19,800
to the Balkans, to Greece...
731
00:41:19,960 --> 00:41:23,080
directly because
of one dead corpse
732
00:41:23,240 --> 00:41:25,880
that's left floating
off the shores of Spain.
733
00:41:33,320 --> 00:41:35,760
Two months later,
the Allies land in Sicily
734
00:41:35,920 --> 00:41:38,440
and capture the island
more quickly than anticipated.
735
00:41:41,840 --> 00:41:44,760
The depleted number
of German defenders is
736
00:41:44,920 --> 00:41:47,000
a critical part of their success.
737
00:41:49,560 --> 00:41:51,440
This is one
of the most successful
738
00:41:51,600 --> 00:41:54,280
{\an8}intelligence operations
of the Second World War.
739
00:41:58,480 --> 00:42:01,400
Canaris's reputation
begins to suffer
740
00:42:01,560 --> 00:42:03,360
after Operation Mincemeat.
741
00:42:03,520 --> 00:42:05,320
{\an8}As the War goes on, after that,
742
00:42:05,480 --> 00:42:07,480
{\an8}Canaris will be more and more...
743
00:42:07,640 --> 00:42:10,760
{\an8}disliked and distrusted by Hitler
and the other elites of the regime.
744
00:42:11,720 --> 00:42:13,280
{\an8}- In 1944,
745
00:42:13,440 --> 00:42:16,320
{\an8}the Third Reich abolishes
the Abwehr,
746
00:42:16,480 --> 00:42:20,280
{\an8}and Canaris is accused of being
involved in a plot to kill Hitler.
747
00:42:21,120 --> 00:42:23,040
{\an8}A year later, he's hanged -
748
00:42:23,200 --> 00:42:26,080
{\an8}just weeks before the end
of World War Two.
749
00:42:29,360 --> 00:42:32,840
Accurate intelligence is
critical to military victory.
750
00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:36,200
But ultimately,
the outcome is determined by combat.
751
00:42:37,160 --> 00:42:40,120
The decisive battle of the war
against Nazi Germany
752
00:42:40,280 --> 00:42:42,280
is about to be fought -
753
00:42:42,440 --> 00:42:44,280
at terrible cost -
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00:42:44,440 --> 00:42:46,360
in a strategically-important
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00:42:46,520 --> 00:42:48,960
Soviet city on the Volga river.
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